The thyroid gland may be small, but it plays a vital role in regulating key functions in the body. When something goes wrong with it, the effects can be widespread — impacting energy levels, weight, mood, heart health, and more. Unfortunately, the early symptoms of thyroid disorders are often subtle and mistaken for other issues. That’s why recognising the early warning signs is essential to getting timely help.
In this article, we’ll explore what the thyroid does, the early signs of thyroid dysfunction, and when you should consult an ENT surgeon.
What is the Thyroid Gland?
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just in front of the windpipe (trachea). It produces hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, temperature control, heart rate, and many other essential bodily functions.
When the thyroid produces either too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism), it leads to a thyroid disorder. These imbalances can have a wide range of symptoms — many of which are easy to miss or attribute to stress, ageing, or lifestyle.
Types of Thyroid Disorders
Before diving into symptoms, let’s understand the most common types of thyroid conditions:
- Hypothyroidism – An underactive thyroid that produces too little hormone.
- Hyperthyroidism – An overactive thyroid that produces too much hormone.
- Thyroid nodules – Lumps in the thyroid gland, often benign but may occasionally be cancerous.
- Goitre – Enlargement of the thyroid gland, which may or may not affect hormone levels.
- Thyroid cancer – A relatively rare condition but one that requires early diagnosis and management.
Early Signs of Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid)
Hypothyroidism is more common in women and in individuals over 60. It often develops slowly and may go unnoticed for months or even years.
Here are some early symptoms:
1. Unexplained Fatigue
Constant tiredness, despite adequate rest, is often the first sign. Individuals may feel sluggish, both mentally and physically.
2. Weight Gain
A slow metabolism caused by low thyroid hormone levels may lead to gradual weight gain, even when eating habits haven’t changed.
3. Sensitivity to Cold
People with hypothyroidism often feel unusually cold, even in warmer weather.
4. Dry Skin and Hair
The skin may become rough, dry, or scaly. Hair may become brittle or fall out more than usual.
5. Constipation
Slower metabolism affects digestion, resulting in frequent or persistent constipation.
6. Depression or Low Mood
Thyroid hormones affect brain function, and their deficiency can result in low mood or symptoms resembling depression.
7. Memory Issues or “Brain Fog”
Some patients report difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness, or confusion.
8. Irregular or Heavy Periods
Women may notice more frequent or heavier menstrual bleeding.
Early Signs of Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)
Hyperthyroidism speeds up bodily functions and often presents with opposite symptoms to hypothyroidism.
1. Sudden Weight Loss
Despite eating well (or even more than usual), people with hyperthyroidism may lose weight quickly.
2. Increased Heart Rate and Palpitations
A rapid or irregular heartbeat is one of the most alarming early signs.
3. Anxiety and Nervousness
Patients may feel restless, anxious, or irritable without any identifiable cause.
4. Tremors
Fine shaking of the hands or fingers, especially noticeable when holding objects.
5. Sweating and Heat Intolerance
Even in a cool environment, sufferers may sweat excessively and feel uncomfortably warm.
6. Frequent Bowel Movements
Digestion speeds up, leading to more frequent or loose stools.
7. Menstrual Changes
Women may experience lighter or less frequent periods.
8. Difficulty Sleeping
Despite being exhausted, falling or staying asleep becomes challenging.
Physical Signs to Watch Out For
Regardless of whether the thyroid is overactive or underactive, there are physical symptoms that may suggest something is wrong with the gland itself:
- Swelling in the neck (suggesting goitre or a thyroid nodule)
- Hoarseness or voice changes
- Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of a lump in the throat
- Visible lumps or asymmetry in the neck
These are key reasons to consult an ENT surgeon, who can perform a thorough neck and voice box examination.
Who Is at Risk?
You may be at higher risk for thyroid disorders if you:
- Have a family history of thyroid disease
- Are a woman over the age of 30
- Have autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease
- Have previously undergone radiation to the neck or chest
- Have iodine deficiency
- Are pregnant or postpartum
Even if you don’t fall into a high-risk group, it’s still important to know the signs and symptoms.
When Should You See an ENT Surgeon?
While a few mild symptoms may not indicate a serious issue, it’s advisable to see a surgeon if:
- Symptoms persist for more than a few weeks
- You notice neck swelling or a visible lump
- There are sudden changes in heart rate, weight, or mood
- You experience voice changes or difficulty swallowing
- There’s a family history of thyroid or autoimmune disease
Early diagnosis often leads to easier management, better symptom control, and fewer complications.
How Are Thyroid Disorders Diagnosed?
We follow a multi-step approach to diagnose thyroid conditions:
1. Clinical Examination
We begin with a thorough history and neck examination to check for swelling, nodules, and symptoms.
2. Blood Tests
A thyroid function test (TFT) measures levels of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones. Depending on the results, further tests may include thyroid antibodies or vitamin levels.
3. Ultrasound Scan
Used to evaluate the structure of the thyroid gland and detect nodules or cysts.
4. Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAC)
If a nodule is found, a biopsy may be recommended to check for cancerous changes.
Can Thyroid Disorders Be Treated?
Yes — most thyroid conditions are treatable and manageable with appropriate care:
- Hypothyroidism is managed with daily thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine).
- Hyperthyroidism may require anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine treatment, or surgery.
- Nodules or goitres may need surgical removal if they are large, symptomatic, or suspicious for malignancy.
- Thyroid cancer, when detected early, has a high cure rate with surgery and follow-up therapy.
Your ENT specialist will guide you based on your test results, symptoms, and treatment goals.
Tips for Supporting Thyroid Health
While medical treatment is essential, a few lifestyle choices may support better thyroid health:
- Eat a balanced diet with sufficient iodine (but not excess)
- Avoid unnecessary radiation exposure to the neck area
- Manage stress, which can impact autoimmune activity
- Regularly monitor weight, mood, and energy levels
- Get tested if you are planning pregnancy or have had a baby recently
The thyroid gland may not always receive attention until something goes wrong, but its influence over the body is profound. Recognising the early signs of thyroid disorders — such as fatigue, weight changes, mood shifts, or a swollen neck — is the first step towards timely diagnosis and effective treatment.
At Dr. Darakshan ENT Clinic in Nagpur, we offer comprehensive evaluation and management for a wide range of thyroid and ENT conditions. If you’re experiencing symptoms or simply want a check-up, don’t hesitate to book an appointment with us.